Western Natural Resources Evaluation: Guidelines and Policy Recommendations Chen Duochang, Gu Peiliang (School of Management, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072) Systematic analysis and evaluation: land, water and clean energy are local resources in the west but have no real advantage; Under the oil, natural gas and rare earth mineral resources are state-level resources, coal is quasi-local resources, and general minerals are local resources in the west. Whether mineral resources can become a local superior resource in the west depends not only on the type of mineral resources, but also on the market demand for mineral resources and the innovation of the property rights system of mineral resources.
With the successive start of the “Four Major Projects”, the development of the western region was officially launched in 2001. However, there is still a phenomenon in the academic circles and western local government departments that exaggerates the advantages of natural resources in the western region. This is not conducive to formulating economic development strategies for the western region according to local conditions. The scientific evaluation of the western natural resources and the institutional conditions for the formation of the advantages of western natural resources are of great significance for guiding the practice of the development of the western region.
I. Western Natural Resources Evaluation Guidelines () “Prospering the Land and Enriching the People”: The starting point of natural resource evaluation This is determined by the goal of the development of the western region. At the turn of the century, this time the redevelopment of the western region, the central government's goal is to promote the rapid economic growth of the western region through the development of the western region, narrow the gap in the economic development level between the east and the west, and safeguard national unity and national security. Therefore, “Geo-Xingmin Fu” is not only an economic goal for the development of the western region, but also a basic starting point for us to evaluate the resources of the western region. For example, for some special and important mineral resources, although it is distributed in the western region, its ownership and development and management rights are mainly monopolized by central enterprises. The development benefits of resources are mainly attributed to the central government, and thus it is a superior resource in the national sense. It is not suitable for evaluation as a superior resource in the west.
Property rights and market demand: two criteria for resource evaluation 1. Property rights guidelines. Different natural resource property rights arrangements have different effects on regional economic development. When evaluating regional superior resources, they must be paid attention to. (1) Resource ownership. For example, China's oil and natural gas resources are owned by the state. Therefore, when evaluating whether resources have advantages, we should not only consider resource land area and regional population to calculate resource density and per capita possession, but should focus on resource ownership scope or resources. Benefit area range. If the per capita reserves of petroleum resources in a certain place are calculated in order to determine the regional superior resources, the basis is insufficient. For example, there is population data for the administrative district where each resource is located when calculating the per capita energy reserves of the region. This calculation exaggerates the advantages of energy resources or the so-called “resources”. [1 (2) Resource development and utilization rights and income rights arrangements. The institutional arrangement of resource development and utilization rights and income rights is also an important institutional factor that affects whether the resource becomes a resource of superior resources.
If a mine is not owned by the resource and its development and utilization income is left to local governments and people, then such resources are not the dominant resources in the region. On the contrary, the grassland, cultivated land, forests and barren hills owned by local residents are mainly used by local governments or residents and can be used as local resources.
2. Market guidelines. Whether any natural resource becomes an advantage must consider its market demand and market competitiveness, which is determined by the market supply cost of resources. For example, petroleum resources, if the CIF price of oil in the international market is lower, the petroleum resources will not constitute regional superior resources.
Second, the evaluation of natural resources in the west Natural resources include natural endowments such as land, mineral resources, light, heat and water. According to the two criteria proposed in the previous section, several types of “western dominant natural resources” that people usually think of are selected for analysis and evaluation.
(1) Land: Western local resources but non-dominant resources The western region has a vast territory, but the land area with high quality and suitable for economic activities is small. Its sparse population cannot be said to have insufficient land. For example, the per capita land area of ​​Xinjiang and Tibet is 9.77 hectares/person and 51.40 hectares/person, respectively, while the area of ​​cultivated land suitable for agricultural production is only 0.24 hectares/person and 0.15 hectares/person. Considering the fact that the barren mountainous areas in the southwest are severely depleted in the northwest and the agricultural ecological environment continues to deteriorate, the land available for economic use in the west is not as rich as the usual propaganda. Not only that, due to the poor location conditions in the west, the high cost of transporting land-intensive products to the eastern domestic market or to the eastern seaport to the international market has greatly weakened the market competitiveness of its products. Taking Xinjiang as an example, the average transportation distance of materials in Xinjiang is generally as high as 2,000 to 3,000 kilometers, and the transportation cost per unit of product is high, which will greatly weaken the market competitiveness of Xinjiang products. Xinjiang cotton standard grade per ton freight plus sugar treatment and various transaction costs, the actual price per ton is higher than the mainland provinces and areas around 700 yuan, the mainland cotton processing plant is not willing to use Xinjiang cotton. It can be seen that Xinjiang cotton has a quantitative advantage but no market advantage.
(2) Wind energy and solar energy: local resources with potential advantages The western wind energy is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Gansu, and is abundant in storage. In Inner Mongolia alone, the total wind energy reserves amounted to 1.01 billion kW, and 80% of the region has economic value for wind energy development.
Solar energy is mainly distributed in the northwest and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The total solar radiation in the two regions reaches 5400~648CMJ/m2.y. The western region also has other favorable natural conditions for developing solar energy resources. First, most of the western regions are arid regions, with more sunny days and longer sunshine hours. In the southeastern part of Tibet, southern Xinjiang, eastern Qinghai, Ningxia and other western regions, the annual sunshine hours reach 3000~3300 hours, and the annual sunshine intensity is 5.86X105~6.70X105J/cm2.y. Second, the western desert and semi-desert, develop solar energy. The large area shading conditions required can be met. Therefore, the development of solar energy in the western region has broad prospects.
The development and utilization of solar energy and wind energy resources in the western region has the following outstanding advantages: First, it is a kind of clean energy, and there is no or little environmental pollution in the process of development and utilization. Second, it is suitable for the distribution of power generation equipment, and is easy to promote and use. Third, it can effectively replace conventional energy sources such as oil, coal, and firewood. Fourth, its development and operation are mainly based on the production and living needs of resources. Therefore, compared with fossil energy, the development and utilization of wind energy and solar energy can directly serve the goal of “prospering the land and enriching the people”.
The unfavorable factor in the development of wind energy and solar energy in the west is that the current development cost is too high and does not have a price advantage. Taking wind power as an example, at present, Xinjiang wind power is 0.698 yuan per kWh, coal power is 0.32 yuan; Inner Mongolia wind power price is 0.713 yuan, and coal power is 0.35 yuan. In China, it is still rich in its land resources, but it reflects that it is not suitable for aM-lish to establish a carbon tax on coal-fired electricity and to subsidize clean energy such as wind power. Wind power does not have market competitiveness. Therefore, wind energy It has not yet become a superior resource for the western reality.
There is a huge north-south difference in the distribution of water resources in the western region.
Based on the area of ​​cultivated land, the average water resource in the northwest is 16680m3, and the southwest is about 92400m3. [4 Southwest is rich in hydropower resources and is suitable for the development of hydropower. Due to the relatively backward economy in the southwest region, the hydropower consumption market in the region has limited capacity and needs to be transferred in large numbers. This is an important reason for the power transmission from west to east. It must be noted that long-distance West-East power transmission will inevitably lead to its over-achievement, which will reduce the market competitiveness of Xidian and weaken the advantages of water resources. The water resources in the northwestern region are very poor, which constitutes an important constraint for economic development in the northwest region. Therefore, regardless of the north-south differences in the western region, it is not comprehensive to say that the western water resources are abundant.
Focus on three types of minerals in the west: fossil energy, rare earth minerals and general minerals.
1. Fossil energy. Including coal, oil and natural gas resources.
In the northwest, only coal reserves of 30 billion tons, accounting for 30% of the country; oil reserves of 510 million tons, accounting for 23% of the country's total land oil reserves; natural gas reserves of 435.4 billion m3, accounting for 58% of the country's total land natural gas reserves. The quantitative advantage of fossil energy in the western region is undisputed.
At present, China's mineral resources compensation fees are implemented in the five-five-five system of central and local finance. The compensation for state-owned resources is rented, and rent is the representative of ownership. Therefore, from the perspective of ownership, China's mineral resources are “central and local”. The government has a common system. Oil and natural gas resources have long been monopolized by central enterprises; coal resources are not only locally exploited (local state-owned, collective, individual, etc.) but also by central enterprises. Central enterprises develop energy for the national economy as a whole. The target service does not aim at the development of the local economy. Obviously, if the energy development in a region is mainly controlled by the central enterprise and the mineral resources income is not mainly allocated to the resource, the energy should be evaluated as a national resource instead of Local resources. According to this, under the current resource property rights system, western oil and natural gas are mainly a kind of national resources, and coal is a kind of “quasi-local resources”.
Western energy assessment should also consider market competitiveness factors.
After joining the WTO, the supply channels of energy resources products will be greatly expanded. Using the international market to obtain cheap and high-quality energy will be an inevitable choice for China's energy policy. This will enable the eastern region to analyze the current international oil costs for the western energy mines. The mining cost per barrel of crude oil in the region is about US$2, compared with US$13.3/barrel in China. With the abolition of crude oil import tariffs, at the beginning of 2000, the cost price of China's imported oil to the factory has been roughly equal to the cost of domestic land oil to the factory. Domestic oil is not competitive with imported oil. The storage areas of petroleum resources in the western region are relatively scattered, the geological conditions are poor, and the oil layers are shallow. These factors will undoubtedly increase the mining cost of western oil and weaken its resource advantages. Therefore, the comparison of western petroleum resources in the international petroleum resources market is not only a local superiority resource in the west, but also a national superior resource. Western coal and natural gas reserves are very rich, but the huge cost of long-distance transportation will greatly reduce the market competitiveness of these two resources. Making an institutional arrangement to make more use of fossil energy on the spot will be a rational choice for changing the country's disadvantaged resources to the local superior resources in the west.
2. Rare earth metal ore. The western rare earth metal ore is mainly stored in Baotou, Inner Mongolia. In Inner Mongolia alone, the reserves have reached 84.59 million tons, accounting for more than 90% of the country's total, 70% of the world's total reserves; the prospective reserves of 85 million tons accounted for 85% of the country, accounting for 76% of the world. Rare earth resources have obvious quantitative advantages. However, whether it constitutes a comparative resource advantage in the western region depends on the property rights system arrangement of the resource and its market competitiveness.
(1) Property rights arrangements for rare earth resources. Before the 1980s, the development of rare earth minerals had been monopolized by central enterprises. After the reform and opening up, private capital gradually intervened in the development and utilization of rare earth. This indicates that the property rights system of rare earth mineral resources monopolized by central enterprises has been undergoing changes, but the basic pattern of development and utilization of rare earth minerals by state-owned capital has not changed. It should be acknowledged that the development of rare earth minerals has indeed brought some practical economic benefits to local governments and people, but the damage it causes to the local ecological environment cannot be ignored. The development and utilization of rare earth minerals has greatly damaged the great damage to the ecological environment. The ability of the western economy to develop sustainably. According to relevant information, there are 22 rare earth smelting and separating plants in Baotou area, 19 of which have no environmental control measures. A large amount of water, steam and slag waste is produced in the production process, and an average of 10,000 tons of rare earth oxides will be produced. 30,000 m3 of waste gas containing sulfuric acid and hydrofluoric acid mist, 200 m3 of acid-containing wastewater and about 1.4 tons of radioactive waste. [7] The essence of serious environmental pollution caused by the development and utilization of rare earths is the erosion of the interests of the development enterprises on the property rights of the residents of the resources. This situation shows that in the absence of environmental protection constraints, from the perspective of local interests, no matter which kind of enterprise develops and utilizes rare earth resources, it is not an ideal property rights system arrangement. The ideal property rights system arrangement should at least include a reduction in the dependence on the source. AC takes oil as an example. According to the international energy ftbMl rare earth development, the rash benefits are impaired: the economic compensation of the local residents. (2) Market competitiveness of rare earth resource products. Excessively dispersed export operations have damaged the international market competitiveness of China's rare earth resource products. Since 1995, the world's rare earth market demand has been strong, which has stimulated the blind development of China's rare earth enterprises. In the first half of 2001, the national rare earth smelting production capacity exceeded 180,000 tons, while the world demand during the same period was only 70,000 to 80,000 tons. Excessive domestic production capacity has caused a backlog of products and low-price competition. The excess production capacity of domestic rare earth products and the vicious competition of diversified entities in the export operation of rare earth products have seriously damaged the market advantage and national economic interests of China's rare earth resources. Therefore, for rare minerals such as China, which have absolute monopoly advantages, their development and utilization can be diversified under the control of state-owned capital, but export operations are more suitable for unified operations under state control. (3) Comprehensive evaluation. Rare earth minerals are state-level resources that are stored in the west. Their irreplaceable value in high-tech industries and defense industries, as well as technological intensiveness, capital-intensiveness and talent-intensiveness in development and utilization and environmental governance determine its suitability. In the monopoly of state-owned capital, excessive entry of foreign capital and private capital will damage the value of this strategic resource. Therefore, based on national interests rather than local interests, such resources are the country's superior resources rather than the western superior resources.
3. General mineral resources. Including potassium ore, magnesium ore, nickel ore.
Qinghai Salt Lake contains a large amount of metal elemental minerals such as potash and magnesium. Among them, potash deposits account for 97% of the country's total; nickel and platinum metal deposits in Gansu account for 62% and 57% of the country respectively. Potash mines are mainly used in the civil chemical industry, such as the production of potash fertilizer. The development and utilization of such minerals can make a great contribution to the development of local economy. Compared with rare earth metal ores, potassium mines have more reason to be evaluated as local resources in the west. However, due to the narrow restrictions of the western local market, general minerals need to be transferred in large numbers. Many unfavorable factors such as inconvenient transportation and geographical location away from the eastern processing area market have determined that such minerals have not become the dominant minerals in the western realities.
III. Policy recommendations 1. The land belongs to the western local resources, but the quantity is large but the quality is inferior. The disadvantage of location has led to a weakening or even loss of market competitiveness of its land-intensive products. The comparative advantage of western land resources cannot be overestimated.
2. Solar energy and wind energy resources are local resources with “potential advantages” in the west.
3. Fossil energy has both mineral resources in the national sense and a dominant resource in the west. It depends not only on the actual market conditions, but also on the institutional arrangements of resource property rights. (1) From the perspective of resource ownership, development management rights, and income rights arrangements, western oil and natural gas resources are evaluated as state-level mineral resources. Western natural gas has a quantitative advantage, but the western region is not China's main consumer market, and its long-distance eastward transmission has weakened its resource advantages. On the basis of the comparison of international energy market prices, the eastern region can appropriately choose imported energy supply, and the western region can digest local energy more locally. This can benefit more of the western region through the local processing and transformation of western energy, and also to some extent reduce the excessive dependence of the eastern region on domestic energy. (2) The development and operation of coal resources has realized the pattern of joint participation of central enterprises and local enterprises. Therefore, compared with oil and natural gas resources, the development of coal resources has a more direct effect on the local economy. Due to the geographical location and the high transportation cost, the market competitiveness of western coal is weak, which has caused some of the eastern coal consumption market to be lost. Therefore, the development of western coal should focus on meeting the development needs of the western region or sending it through energy conversion. In general, coal resources can be used as a general advantage resource in the western region.
4. Rare earth minerals are national superior resources. Although the development of rare earth resources can increase the revenue of local governments, promote the urbanization of resources, and provide commercial opportunities for the development of local auxiliary industries, the important strategic value of rare earth minerals and the absolute monopoly of rare earth minerals in the international market. Status, from the perspective of maximizing national interests, this kind of national strategic resources has not been and will not be suitable for planning as a local superior resource in the future.
5. Under the institutional arrangements for the country to collect mine rents and develop management rights, the development benefits of general minerals can be reserved for the localities. At present, the development of general minerals in the west is moving towards this institutional arrangement.
6. The distribution of water resources in the west is a pattern of “Nanfeng North owed”: it is a superior resource in the southwest and a natural factor limiting economic development and human activities in the northwest.
1. The legal facts of all mineral resources countries cannot be changed. The institutional arrangement of mineral resources development rights and income rights becomes the decisive factor for whether resources can obtain more economic benefits from resource development.
This paper believes that the following institutional arrangements for the development and utilization of mineral resources have different meanings for realizing the goal of enriching the people and enriching the people: (1) Central enterprises: local governments can obtain resource taxes (except for the offshore petroleum resources tax, other resources, other resources) Taxation is divided into system) VAT (shared system, localized 25%) Mineral resources compensation fee (the central and provincial, directly under the jurisdiction of the West Friendship, the mineral resources, the resources can be divided into five in the city and fiveæ²»() is divided into business tax, etc. rik (t local state-owned enterprises: In addition to the taxes and fees that central enterprises are required to pay, local state-owned enterprise income tax is classified as local finance. (3) Local private enterprises: the main taxes and fees paid are the same as those of local enterprises, but It is more contributive to the employment of labor to arrange resources, directly increase the income of local residents, and accelerate the people's poverty alleviation. Under the current system of resource income distribution, the development and utilization of mineral resources by local state-owned enterprises and private enterprises is more conducive to the realization of the prosperity of the people. Goal. However, this does not deny the significance of the development of mineral resources by the central enterprises to the national economy, nor does it deny The central enterprises have the necessity of monopolizing some strategic mineral resources. If only considering resource utilization efficiency, it is not the capital form that should be entered into the resource development field, but should be the non-capital factor such as the technical level and capital scale. In consideration of national interests, the central government should strictly control the export of resource products; from the perspective of the social equity principle of resource development, government departments should establish and supervise the implementation of mandatory corporate environmental cost accounting rules to compensate for the damage of resource development to local residents' property rights.
2. The policy implications discussed above are that although the mineral resources stored in the west are owned by the state, the local government has very limited disposal rights, but under the premise of ensuring the overall efficiency of resource utilization and national strategic interests, the ownership of state-owned resources can be The right of disposition is appropriately divided between the central government and the resource-based government, or the resource development and utilization rights, income rights and other resource powers are re-arranged, and the national resource disadvantage is transformed into the western resource advantage. For example, the definition of ownership of general mineral resources is defined as local government without changing the ownership of resource-owning countries; although important mineral resources are monopolized by central enterprises, the central government can establish with governments and people of resources. An interest-sharing mechanism that transfers the utilization of rare earth resources to resource sites to support the economic development of resources. The specific methods are as follows: increase the mining rent level and allocate it to the local government in a large proportion, increase the proportion of the resource tax, or all the local finance, the central enterprise income tax return part of the resource, levy the environmental tax and set it as the local tax, increase The proportion of VAT is divided into proportions.
3. Objectively understand the incentive effect of natural resources on the regional economy and actively cultivate an institutional environment that supports regional economic take-off. Natural resources are the natural endowments or initial conditions for regional economic development and are one of the basic conditions for determining the regional economic division of labor. However, the premise of the establishment of this argument is that the resource has the property rights of the resource. The abundance of natural resources is definitely a favorable factor for a region. However, natural resources are by no means sufficient conditions for regional economic take-off, or even necessary conditions. This can be supported by the fact that Zhejiang Province, which has a severely depleted energy resource, can also develop a strong and specialized regional economy. The factors affecting regional economic development are diverse. Capital, institutions, human capital, technology and market opportunities are all important supporting conditions for regional economic take-off. Exaggerating the role of natural resources for the regional economic take-off is harmful, and the one-sided exaggeration of natural resource advantages is even more undesirable.

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